Iran’s modern history reflects a state navigating regional tensions, balancing internal challenges with external threats.
In the 1950s, Iran nationalized its oil to protect it from U.S. and British control. In response, the U.S. and U.K. orchestrated a coup, and the country’s fledgling democracy was removed, replaced by the Shah, a dictator backed by the West. Decades of corruption and pro-Western policies fueled widespread anger, leading to the 1979 revolution. The new government emphasized independence and resistance to foreign influence, particularly against the U.S.
Soon after, Iran faced the eight-year war with Iraq. Saddam Hussein invaded, while the U.S. covertly supported him. Millions died, and Iran’s military and distrust of the West hardened. In the following decades, Iran built militias and covert networks across the Middle East, often targeting Israel — a state it views as aligned with U.S. regional interests and influence — culminating in the October 7th terrorist attack. As part of the response, in 2025, Israel and the U.S. bombed Iranian military and nuclear sites.
Iran has long restricted civil liberties, limiting freedom of speech, assembly, and political dissent, often using force to suppress protests and opposition. At the same time, it has supported armed groups, including Hezbollah and Palestinian factions, that carry out attacks against Israel, forming a key part of its regional strategy.
In December 2025, a Western-led economic campaign sought to cripple the Iranian economy, sparking widespread protests and riots. According to reports, Iran claims foreign actors, including the CIA and Mossad, are using imported Starlink terminals to incite violence, while Russia is reported to have assisted in jamming these networks.
To put the scale of the unrest into perspective, the current protests have reportedly resulted in over 2,500 deaths, ranking them among the deadliest civil disturbances in recent decades. By comparison, approximately 2,996 people died in the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, 1,200–1,300 in the October 7, 2023 attacks in Israel, 241–3,000 in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, and 100–110 during Ukraine’s Maidan protests.