1. ^ Davies, P. C. W. (1978). "Thermodynamics of Black Holes". Rep. Prog. Phys. 41: 1313–1355.
http://cosmos.asu.edu/publications/papers/ThermodynamicTheoryofBlackHoles%2034.pdf. 2. ^ Michell, J. (1784). "On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations, as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (London) 74: 35–57.
http://www.jstor.org/pss/106576. 3. ^ "Dark Stars (1783)". Thinkquest. 1999.
http://library.thinkquest.org/25715/discovery/conceiving.htm#darkstars. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
4. ^ Laplace; see Israel, Werner (1987), "Dark stars: the evolution of an idea", in Hawking, Stephen W. & Israel, Werner, 300 Years of Gravitation, Cambridge University Press, Sec. 7.4
5. ^ a b Schwarzschild, Karl (1916). "Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie". Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. D. Wiss.: 189–196. and Schwarzschild, Karl (1916). "Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Kugel aus inkompressibler Flüssigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie". Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. D. Wiss.: 424–434. .
6. ^ Oppenheimer, J. R. and Volkoff, G. M. (1939-01-03). "On Massive Neutron Cores". Physical Review 55 (4): 374–381. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.55.374.
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v55/i4/p374_1. 7. ^ Ruffini, Remo and Wheeler, John A. (January 1971). "Introducing the black hole". Physics Today: 30–41.
http://authors.library.caltech.edu/14972/1/Ruffini2009p1645Phys_Today.pdf. 8. ^ D. Finkelstein (1958). "Past-Future Asymmetry of the Gravitational Field of a Point Particle". Phys. Rev. 110: 965–967.
9. ^ Hewish, Antony; Bell, S. J.; Pilkington, J. D. H.; Scott, P. F.; Collins, R. A. (1968). "Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source". Nature 217: 709–713. doi:10.1038/217709a0.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v235/n5332/abs/235037a0.html. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
10. ^ Pilkington, J D H; Hewish, A.; Bell, S. J.; Cole, T. W. (1968). "Observations of some further Pulsed Radio Sources". Nature 218: 126–129. doi:10.1038/218126a0.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v218/n5137/pdf/218126a0.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
11. ^ Michael Quinion. "Black Hole". World Wide Words.
http://www.worldwidewords.org/topicalwords/tw-bla1.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
12. ^ Heusler, M. (1998). "Stationary Black Holes: Uniqueness and Beyond". Living Rev. Relativity 1 (6).
http://www.livingreviews.org/Articles/Volume1/1998-6heusler/. 13. ^ Thorne, "Black Holes, The Membrane Paradigm"
14. ^ Anderson, Warren G. (1996). "The Black Hole Information Loss Problem".
http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/BlackHoles/info_loss.html. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
15. ^ John Preskill(1994)"Black holes and information: A crisis in quantum physics"
16. ^ Daniel Carmody(2008)"The Fate of Quantum Information in a Black Hole"
17. ^ "Garrett Birkhoff’s Theorem".
http://myweb.lsbu.ac.uk/~whittyr/MathSci/TheoremOfTheDay/CombinatorialTheory/Birkhoff/TotDBirkhoff.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
18. ^ "Black Holes do not suck!". 2006-02-17.
http://astro.airynothing.com/2006/02/black_holes_do_not_suck.html. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
19. ^ For a review see Wald, Robert. M. (1997). "Gravitational Collapse and Cosmic Censorship".
http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9710068. .
20. ^ For a discussion of these numerical simulations see Berger, Beverly K. (2002). "Numerical Approaches to Spacetime Singularities". Living Rev. Relativity 5.
http://www.livingreviews.org/lrr-2002-1. Retrieved 2007-08-04. .
21. ^ McClintock, Jeffrey E.; Shafee, Rebecca; Narayan, Ramesh; Remillard, Ronald A.; Davis, Shane W.; Li, Li-Xin (2006). "The Spin of the Near-Extreme Kerr Black Hole GRS 1915+105". Astrophys.J. 652: 518–539. doi:10.1086/508457.
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0606076. .
22. ^ Antonucci, R. (1993). "Unified Models for Active Galactic Nuclei and Quasars". Annual Reviews in Astronomy and Astrophysics 31 (1): 473–521. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.002353.
23. ^ Urry, C.; Padovani, Paolo (1995). "Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 107: 803–845. doi:10.1086/133630.
24. ^ Schödel, R.; Ott, T; Genzel, R; Hofmann, R; Lehnert, M; Eckart, A; Mouawad, N; Alexander, T et al. (2002). "A star in a 15.2-year orbit around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way". Nature 419 (6908): 694–696. doi:10.1038/nature01121. PMID 12384690.
25. ^ Valtonen, M.J.; et al.., H. J.; Nilsson, K.; Heidt, J.; Takalo, L. O.; Sillanpää, A.; Villforth, C.; Kidger, M. et al. (2008). "A massive binary black-hole system in OJ 287 and a test of general relativity". Nature 452: 851. doi:10.1038/nature06896.
26. ^ Maccarone, T.J.; et al.., Arunav; Zepf, Stephen E.; Rhode, Katherine L. (2007). "A black hole in a globular cluster". Nature 455: 183–185. doi:10.1038/nature05434.
27. ^ "NASA's GLAST Burst Monitor Team Hard at Work Fine-Tuning Instrument and Operations". NASA. 2008-07-28.
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/news/glast_gbm.html. 28. ^ "Anatomy of a Black Hole".
http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/BlackHoleAnat.html. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
29. ^ Carroll 2004, p. 217
30. ^ "[8 GENERAL RELATIVITY IN PRACTICE / BLACK HOLES]".
http://www.vectorsite.net/tprelp.html. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
31. ^ "Inside a black hole".
http://nrumiano.free.fr/Estars/int_bh.html. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
32. ^ "Black Holes".
http://www.physics.eku.edu/Yoder/l16_BH.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
33. ^ "Physical nature of the event horizon".
http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/pramana/51/693-698.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
34. ^ "Hawking Radiation".
http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/hawk.html. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
35. ^ "The Singularity".
http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/BlackHoleAnat.html. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
36. ^ "Falling to the Singularity of the Black Hole".
http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/singularity.html. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
37. ^ Good, Michael. "The Black Hole Singularity". reEvolutionary Physics. pp. 1–4.
http://www.unc.edu/~mgood/research/Singularity.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
38. ^ Giamb�o, Roberto. "THE GEOMETRY OF GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE".
http://www.mat.unb.br/~matcont/28_8.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
39. ^ "Black Holes and Quantum Gravity".
http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/bh_hawk.html. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
40. ^ "Ask an Astrophysicist : Quantum Gravity and Black Holes".
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/980420b.html. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
41. ^ Nemiroff, Robert J. (1993). "Visual distortions near a neutron star and black hole". American Journal of Physics 61: 619. doi:10.1119/1.17224.
42. ^ Carroll 2004, Ch. 6.6
43. ^ Carroll 2004, Ch. 6.7
44. ^ Einstein, A. (1939). "On A Stationary System With Spherical Symmetry Consisting of Many Gravitating Masses". Annals of Mathematics 40 (4): 922–936.
45. ^ "Discovering the Kerr and Kerr-Schild metrics". To appear in "The Kerr Spacetime", Eds D.L. Wiltshire, M. Visser and S.M. Scott, Cambridge Univ. Press. Roy P. Kerr.
http://www.arxiv.org/abs/0706.1109. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
46. ^ Hawking, Stephen; Penrose, R. (January 1970). "The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology". Proceedings of the Royal Society A 314 (1519): 529–548. doi:10.1098/rspa.1970.0021.
http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/314/1519/529.abstract. 47. ^ Carr, B. J. (2005). "Primordial Black Holes: Do They Exist and Are They Useful?". arΧiv:astro-ph/0511743v1 [astro-ph].
48. ^ Giddings, Steven B. (2002). "High energy colliders as black hole factories: The end of short distance physics". Physical Review D 65: 056010. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.056010. arΧiv:hep-ph/0106219v4.
49. ^ Arkani–Hamed, N (1998). "The hierarchy problem and new dimensions at a millimeter". Physics Letters B 429: 263. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(98)00466-3. arΧiv:9803315v1.
50. ^ a b Hawking, S.W. (1974). "Black hole explosions?". Nature 248: 30–31. doi:10.1038/248030a0.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v248/n5443/abs/248030a0.html. 51. ^ Page, Don N (2005). "Hawking radiation and black hole thermodynamics". New Journal of Physics 7: 203. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/203. arΧiv:hep-th/0409024v3.
52. ^ Fichtel, C.E.; Bertsch, D.L.; Dingus, B.L.; Esposito, J.A.; Hartman, R.C.; Hunter, S.D.; Kanbach, G.;; Kniffen, D.A. et al. (1994). "Search of the energetic gamma-ray experiment telescope (EGRET) data for high-energy gamma-ray microsecond bursts". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 434 (2): 557–559. doi:10.1086/174758. ISSN 0004-637X. .
53. ^ Naeye, Robert. Testing Fundamental Physics. NASA.gov.
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/science/testing_fundamental_physics.html. Retrieved 2008-09-16. .
54. ^ a b c McClintock, Jeffrey E.; Remillard, Ronald A. (2006). "Black Hole Binaries". in Lewin, Walter; van der Klis, Michiel. Compact Stellar X-ray Sources. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521826594.
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0306213. section 4.1.5 .
55. ^ Winter, Lisa M.; Mushotzky, Richard F.; Reynolds, Christopher S. (2006). "XMM‐Newton Archival Study of the Ultraluminous X‐Ray Population in Nearby Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal 649: 730. doi:10.1086/506579. arΧiv:astro-ph/0512480v2.
56. ^ a b c Celotti, A.; Miller, J.C.; Sciama, D.W. (1999), "Astrophysical evidence for the existence of black holes", Class. Quant. Grav. 16,
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9912186 .
57. ^ Webster, B.L; Murdin, P. (1972). "Cygnus X-1—a Spectroscopic Binary with a Heavy Companion ?". Nature 235: 37–38. doi:10.1038/235037a0. .
58. ^ Bolton, C. T. (1972). "Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868". Nature 235: 271–273. doi:10.1038/235271b0. .
59. ^ Rolston, Bruce (10 November 1997). The First Black Hole. University of Toronto.
http://news.utoronto.ca/bin/bulletin/nov10_97/art4.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-11. .
60. ^ Shipman, H. L. (1 January 1975). "The implausible history of triple star models for Cygnus X-1 Evidence for a black hole". Astrophysical Letters 16 (1): 9–12. doi:10.1016/S0304-8853(99)00384-4.
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975ApL....16....9S. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
61. ^ Goddard Space Flight Center (2008-04-01). "NASA scientists identify smallest known black hole". Press release.
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-04/nsfc-nsi040108.php. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
62. ^ Bloom, J. S.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Djorgovski, S. G. (2002). "The Observed Offset Distribution of Gamma-Ray Bursts from Their Host Galaxies: A Robust Clue to the Nature of the Progenitors". The Astronomical Journal 123: 1111. doi:10.1086/338893. arΧiv:0010176.
63. ^ Blinnikov, S (1984). "Exploding Neutron Stars in Close Binaries". Soviet Astronomy Letters 10: 177. Bibcode: 1984SvAL...10..177B.
64. ^ Lattimer, J. M.; Schramm, D. N. (1976). "The tidal disruption of neutron stars by black holes in close binaries". The Astrophysical Journal 210: 549. doi:10.1086/154860.
65. ^ Paczynski, Bohdan (1995). "How Far Away Are Gamma-Ray Bursters?". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 107: 1167. doi:10.1086/133674. arΧiv:astro-ph/9505096.
66. ^ a b King, Andrew (2003-09-15). "Black Holes, Galaxy Formation, and the MBH-σ Relation". The Astrophysical Journal (The American Astronomical Society.): 596:L27–L29.
http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-4357/596/1/L27/17559.text.html. 67. ^ Richstone, Douglas; Karl Gebhardt (University of Michigan), Scott Tremaine and John Magorrian (University of Toronto, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research), John Kormendy (University of Hawaii), Tod Lauer (National Optical Astronomy Observatories), Alan Dressler (Carnegie Observatories), Sandra Faber (University of California), Ralf Bender (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich), Ed Ajhar (National Optical Astronomy Observatories), and Carl Grillmair (Jet Propulsion Laboratory). (January 13, 1997). "Massive Black Holes Dwell in Most Galaxies, According to Hubble Census". 189th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society.
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1997/01/text/. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
68. ^ a b J. H. Krolik (1999). Active Galactic Nuclei. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01151-6. [page needed]
69. ^ a b c L. S. Sparke, J. S. Gallagher III (2000). Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59704-4. [page needed]
70. ^ J. Kormendy, D. Richstone (1995). "Inward Bound---The Search For Supermassive Black Holes In Galactic Nuclei". Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics 33: 581–624. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.33.090195.003053. Bibcode: 1995ARA&A..33..581K.
71. ^ Gillessen, S.; Eisenhauer, F.; Trippe, S.; Alexander, T.; Genzel, R.; Martins, F.; Ott, T. (2009). "Monitoring Stellar Orbits Around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center". Astrophysical Journal 692: 1075–1109. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075. arΧiv:0810.4674. edit
72. ^ Bozza, Valerio (2009). "Gravitational Lensing by Black Holes". arΧiv:0911.2187 [gr-qc].
73. ^ Hawking, Stephen (1998). A Brief History of Time. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-38016-8. [page needed]
74. ^ Hawking, Stephen. "Does God Play Dice?".
http://www.hawking.org.uk/index.php/lectures/publiclectures/64. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
75. ^ Citation: AdS/CFT duality and the black hole information paradox, SD Mathur and Oleg Lunin, Nuclear Physics B, 623, (2002), pp. 342-394 (arxiv); Statistical interpretation of Bekenstein entropy for systems with a stretched horizon, SD Mathur and Oleg Lunin, Physics Review Letters, 88 (2002) (arxiv); and correspondence between Dr. Mathur and Wikipedia, as documented on this article’s talk page.
FG please
