"Long-term Intermittent Fasting Treatment Improves Cardiac Function and Inotropic Reserve by Restoration of Cardiac Beta-adrenergic Signaling in an Experimental Model of Chronic Heart Failure"

http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/Suppl_2/A13888

fukyeah.jpg
IF >>>
need to find full text though, but there's some molecular insight from this abstract:

"IF diet resulted in improved cardiac βAR density and adenylyl cyclase activity in HF rats when compared to HF rats treated with standard diet. Restoration of βAR signaling was associated to a dramatic reduction in cardiac GRK2 protein levels."

The GRK2 is a GPCR kinase that phosphorylate cytosolic residues of the GPCR and mediate desensitization and subsequent internalization
this all basically shows that IF increases beta adrenergic density and responsiveness, thus the inotropy (force of contraction) in heart failure via reducing GRK2 levels.

"Diet and Feeding Pattern Affect the Diurnal Dynamics of the Gut Microbiome"

http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131%2814%2900505-1

Also incredible, novel finding.
Though there's still not ENOUGH known about the gut microbiome, there are still some definite correlations we're finding about particular species of them and metabolic homeostasis. From the paper:

"TRF Decreases Relative Amounts of Presumed Obesogenic Microflora and Increases Relative Amounts of Presumed Obesity-Protective Microflora"

This may further underlie some of the benefits of intermittent fasting/time-restricted feeding.

I'm starting to really see a lucid picture emerge between the benefits of intermittent fasting, the gut microbiome, and dual metabolic/light synchronization of our circadian rhythm. This is really exciting and the interplay speaks volumes. If I wasn't busy studying for the MCAT that I'm going to take in about 4-5 weeks I'd really delve into everything I could and try to crack this particular nut open.

"Interferon-gamma is up-regulated in the hippocampus in response to intermittent fasting and protects hippocampal neurons against excitotoxicity."

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16521127

Luckily through my immunology studies, and since IFN-gamma is a Th1 based cytokine, I spent many a time cracking this nut. The upregulation is likely via the increase in CREB through fasting due to norepinephrine, glucagon, etc. CREB allows an adequate expression of Egr, which then upregulates TBX21 (T-bet) and that mediates the increase in IFN-gamma levels, as does the effects of CREB itself, albeit it that's much more subtle as CREB usually does it's work in concert with like ATF-1, NFAT, and so on.

This is pretty interesting though. However, I somewhat disagree with their surmise of a hormetic effect mediating this upregulation. It can be perfectly explained without it.

"Signalling through RHEB-1 mediates intermittent fasting-induced longevity in C. elegans."

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19079239

Not sure what to make of this one. It's just an interesting interaction between the RHEB-TOR system

"Adaptation to intermittent fasting as a factor modifying the radiation resistance of mice"

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/226283394_Adaptation_to_intermittent_fasting_as_a_factor_modifying_the_radiation_resistance_of_mice

I can hardly view any text of this one, however, from the few sentences of the abstract it seems to corroborate what I've said of mitohormesis and IF. It induces a hormetic effect, which then also augments stress resistance to all stressors, which this demonstrates.

"Neuroprotective role of intermittent fasting in senescence-accelerated mice P8 (SAMP8)."

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20460146

They basically show that IF increases Sirt1 expression, as expected, to increase life-span. They also noted increase levels of HSP70 (heat shock protein), further corroborating the fact that IF induces mitohormesis, plus an elevation in BDNF, as expected.

Laymen cliffs
IF good for you

you are many smart

https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=320815278124959&id=175556779317477

Quick post on eating by your clock when eating breakfast and not fasting
very rough tbh, this subject is too nebulous still I think but I tried to connect a few dots

"Effects of nutrients on neurotransmitter release"

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209058/

Old paper but a goodie, thought I'd post because I've actually seen and heard MANY claims about specifically tryptophan & serotonin and protein/CHO intakes

most people intuitively assume that high protein intake (specifically turkey too lolol) = higher tryptophan intake = more serotonin
thus I've actually seen it preached higher protein intakes could be an antidepressant (lol)
The problem is that it's actually the opposite.. the LNAAs compete with tryptophan in high protein intakes and reduce it's BBB facilitated diffusion
and high CHO intakes, due to insulin, actually increase the tryptophan concs in the brain and thus serotonin

That's not even going into the fallacy of a causal relation between serotonin & depression
or the fallacy that I half-way mentioned with turkey, that turkey makes you sleepy due to the tryptophan when that's laughable. Meals can make you tired simply due to post-prandial somnolence mediated via vagal influence onto sleep centers and blood glucose increases attenuating orexin expression (orexin keeps you awake, invigorated, etc.. Death of orexin neurons is the main reason for narcolepsy).

got anything about hydratation? more specificaly about wheter or not the electrolytes contained in sports drinks ( gatorade etc ) are effective or not/ how much more would be required to be effective etc.

Sports drinks typically aren't useful or necessary until you get into endurance training over 1h. Electrolyte replenishment could be beneficial in high sweat scenarios or if you're previously dehydrated, otherwise the electrical apparatus (neuron) is typically well maintained. Sports drinks also provide glucose that will maintain muscle glyc concentration and prolong time to fatigue

This is from my lecture notes for exercise nutrition, essentially describes acceptable fluid intakes and Cho intake range to maximize performance. You want to aim for maximally 60g carb per hour of exercise, and up to 1250ml fluid per hour using a standard 6 percent carb solution

This post was edited by cloudkicker on Dec 30 2014 12:57pm

"Fasting mitigates immediate hypersensitivity: a pivotal role of endogenous D-beta-hydroxybutyrate"

http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/11/1/40

whoop, swag. Fasting #1