Quote (Lightman @ Mar 29 2014 05:56pm)
apetite is primarily regulated via leptin, which is predominantly regulated by %bf, so it highly depends on whether the control subs are fat/obese or regular, or even malnourished.
test on its own would definitely increase apetite, but again, only under the regulation of leptin gut cycles, which can skew any reading on any uncontrolled environment such as segmenting individuals by age/height/ffm/%bf most of all/no food allergies/etc, over a strict timeline with strict diet regimens.
a lot of studies like to pertain to perfect analysis environments, and after looking at their methods section you can see just how easily any uncontrolled variable can throw the conclusions out the window.
I'll try to find the study again, but apparently test DIRECTLY interferes w/ and inhibits leptin secretion, independent of changes in fat mass.. but seeing as how test decreases the level of HSL through interactions w/ beta adrenergics on adipocytes, it'd have to be a direct molecular interaction anyhow.
Also, test does, as I said, increase CART and decrease NPY, which will shift hunger towards satiety. Leptin signals through those facets anyhow, through upregulating and activating expression of MSH & CART and downregulating and inhibiting NPY & AgRP.. and it elicits these changes independent of leptin, since test inhibits it.
Quote (JiMbOAbSoLuT @ Mar 30 2014 06:32pm)
Well.. in the long term leptin is the main regulator of satiety. It does NOT elicit the feeling of satiety directly from a meal though.. that's through the vagal afferents that innervate the GI tract becoming activated through CCK secretion from the gut via distension sensing, and thus the vagus nerve then transmits the satiety signal to the hypothalamus.
GLP-1 also has a similar role as CCK in transmitting satiety signals, but it also interacts w/ D2 dopamine receptors in the amygdala, which are coupled to G inhibitory GPCRs, to decrease signaling, and lead to decreased reward from the food and help modulate food negatively, so it will also serve as a bit of a "long term" signaler due to that secondary mechanism.