Commonly used cube upgrading recipes:

Unique items upgrade recipes:

Weapons:
To exceptional:

• 1 Ral Rune + 1 Sol Rune + 1 Perfect Emerald
  To elite:
  
• 1 Lum Rune + 1 Pul Rune + 1 Perfect Emerald (single player/ladder only)
  
  Armor:
  To exceptional:
  
• 1 Tal Rune + 1 Shael Rune + 1 Perfect Diamond
  To elite:
  
• 1 Ko Rune + 1 Lem Rune + 1 Perfect Diamond (single player/ladder only)

Rare items upgrade recipes:

Weapons:
To exceptional:

• 1 Ort Rune + 1 Amn Rune + 1 Perfect Sapphire
  To elite:
  
• 1 Fal Rune + 1 Um Rune + 1 Perfect Sapphire
  
  Armor:
  To exceptional:
  
• 1 Ral Rune + 1 Thul Rune + 1 Perfect Amethyst
  To elite:
  
• 1 Ko Rune + 1 Pul Rune + 1 Perfect Amethyst

Socketing recipes:
note the base must be white, non damaged and non superior.

The item gets 1-6 sockets, randomly. However, the number of sockets is then restricted by the maximum number of sockets that base item with that ilvl can have. For example, if you have an item that can only have 2 sockets, there's a 5/6 chance of getting 2 sockets and a 1/6 chance of getting 1 socket

Body Armor

• 1 Tal Rune + 1 Thul Rune + 1 Perfect Topaz
  
  Weapon
  
• 1 Ral Rune + 1 Amn Rune + 1 Perfect Amethyst
  
  Helmet
  
• 1 Ral Rune + 1 Thul Rune + 1 Perfect Sapphire
  
  Shield
  
• 1 Tal Rune + 1 Amn Rune + 1 Perfect Ruby

This post was edited by Gwarr on Nov 22 2021 10:04pm

gwarr is the GOAT

Incredible in depth video about rune drop rates at Travincal and in general, by a mathematician:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hXmAiQvtMuY

This post was edited by Gwarr on Dec 17 2021 02:49pm