Would appreciate if you guys can give some inputs/insights/make corrections, thanks inadvance!


Metabolism Review Handout #4
1.) What does metabolism refer to, and what are the different types?
2.) What is the importance of H2O to metabolism?
Cellular metabolic processes are mainly chemical reactions, and these chemicals need to come into contact with each other to react (and metobolize), they need to be dissolved in a substance like water (a good solvent). By being dissolved, they have the ability to move around more freely and this process creates the energy in the cell.
3.) How do catalysts work, and why are they required?
It increases/decrease the speed of reaction without changing itself chemically
like when in the production of ammonia (increase)
4.) What is the function of ATP, and how does it work?
Serves as the storage molecule for energy that can be used to provide energy to other chemical reactions.
5.) Describe redox chemistry, and why is it important for metabolism?
Metabolism can further be broken down into two subgroups. Catabolism is the breakdown of molecules into simpler forms, while anabolism is the opposite. It is through metabolism that we (or a cell) create the energy necessary to survive. REDOX reactions play an incredible part in this process. Each of the electron transport chain reactions is a REDOX reaction and this is what ultimatly yeilds us our precious ATP.
6.) Describe the process of aerobic cellular respiration.
Aerobic respiration is cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen, in which oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the oxidation of glucose. It includes the TCA cycle (Krebs cycle) and the electron transport system (those 2 sets of reactions can only occur when oxygen is present), as well as glycolysis (which would otherwise end up as lactic acid or ethanol, depending on the organism). It is 10-20 times as much ATP can be made in the presence of oxygen as in its absence.
7.) What is the significance of the terminal electron acceptor?

8.) When does fermentation occur, and why?
Fermentation occurs if there is not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration. The type of fermentation depends on the kind of cell, since some cells. like yeast, carry out alcoholic fermentation; some cells like, vertebrate muscle cells, carry out lactic acid fermentation.
9.) Describe the process of photosynthesis. What is gained by the light reaction? Dark?
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which cellular respiration converts into ATP, the "fuel" used by all living things. (need help with light/dark reaction)
10.) How do bacteria affect the biogeochemical cycle of minerals?

11.) What is the thermodynamically least favorable terminal electron acceptor?
a. O2
b. H2O
c. NH4+
d. CO2
e. PO4
12.) How many NADH are generated per glucose during glycolysis?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 8
e. 10
13.) How much energy is released by breaking a pyrophosphate bond?
a. 64 kJ/mol
b. 12 kJ/mol
c. 36 kJ/mol
d. -32 kJ/mol
e. -8 kJ/mol

This post was edited by Stolem on Sep 16 2013 10:22pm

can do this all for you in an hour lol

are you paying or is this a welfare case


o nvm i misread.
is this a 200 lvl course? you can literally write essays on each of those questions and provide an almost endless amount of detail, if it's just 200 lvl or below and you just need to have answers down most of that should suffice

This post was edited by iMMz on Sep 17 2013 03:26pm

what do you mean by 200 lvl course? And this is introduction to microbiology..

Title says intro so prolly 100

Metabolism Review Handout #4
1.) What does metabolism refer to, and what are the different types?
"Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism."
"Metabolism is usually divided into two categories. Catabolism breaks down organic matter, for example to harvest energy in cellular respiration. Anabolism uses energy to construct components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids."

8.) "In biology, a terminal electron acceptor is a compound that receives or accepts an electron during cellular respiration or photosynthesis. All organisms obtain energy by transferring electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. During this process (electron transport chain) the electron acceptor is reduced and the electron donor is oxidized."

9.) Describe the process of photosynthesis. What is gained by the light reaction? Dark?
Photosynthesis uses light energy (such as sunlight) to reduce CO2 to O2 and sugars like glucose. These sugars are linked together to form hemicellulose and cellulose. Without light energy (dark), the same cells revert to 'respiration' where they use glucose and H2O to create energy.

10.) How do bacteria affect the biogeochemical cycle of minerals?
"Microorganisms can precipitate metals from solution contributing to the formation of ore deposits in addition to their ability to catalyze mineral dissolution, to respire, precipitate, and form minerals." "Mineral nutrients are recycled by bacteria that are freely suspended in the vast water columns of the worlds oceans."

"Biogeochemistry is the scientific discipline that involves the study of the chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment." "Microorganisms, by their omnipresence, impact the entire biosphere. Microbial life plays a primary role in regulating biogeochemical systems in virtually all of our planet's environments, including some of the most extreme, from frozen environments and acidic lakes, to hydrothermal vents at the bottom of deepest oceans, and some of the most familiar, such as the human small intestine." "Aside from carbon fixation, microorganisms’ key collective metabolic processes (including nitrogen fixation, methane metabolism, and sulfur metabolism) control global biogeochemical cycling." "The nitrogen cycle, the phosphorus cycle and the carbon cycle all depend on microorganisms in one way or another. For example, nitrogen which makes up 78% of the planet's atmosphere is 'indigestible' for most organisms, and the flow of nitrogen into the biosphere depends on a microbial process called fixation."

11.) d. CO2 It is completely oxydized and thus can no longer accept electrons.

12.) c. 2 NADH molecules. In fact, there are 4 ATP + 2 NADH produced, but glycolysis uses 2 ATP. Net yield per glucose molecule is 2 ATP + 2 NADH.

13.) d. -32 kJ/mol . The hydrolysis of the phosphate-phosphate bond has deltaG = -7.3 kcal/mol = -32 kJ/mol . The negative sign indicates the reaction is exothermic, i.e. it releases energy when it breaks.