toma leete esto tambien que esta en tu idioma nativo
Eye disorders are more common in people with DS. Almost half have strabismus, in which the two eyes do not move in tandem. Refractive errors requiring glasses or contacts are also common. Cataracts (opacity of the lens), keratoconus (thin, cone-shaped corneas), and glaucoma (increased eye pressures) are also more common in DS.[46] Brushfield spots (small white or grayish/brown spots on the periphery of the iris) may be present.
In general hearing impairment and otological problems are found in 38-78% of children with Down syndrome compared to 2.5% for normal children.[47][48][49] However, attentive diagnosis and aggressive treatment of chronic ear disease (e.g. otitis media, also known as glue-ear) in children with Down syndrome, can bring approximately 98% of the children up to normal hearing levels.[50]
The elevated occurrence of hearing loss for individuals with Down is not surprising. Every component in the auditory system is potentially adversely affected by Down syndrome.[49]
Otitis media with effusion is the most common cause of hearing loss in Down children,[48] the infections start at birth and continue throughout the children’s lives.[51] The ear infections are mainly associated with Eustachian tube dysfunction due to alterations in the skull base. However, excessive accumulation of wax can also cause obstruction of the outer ear canal as it is often narrowed in children with Down syndrome.[52] Middle ear problems account for 83% of hearing loss in children with Down syndrome.[52] The degree of hearing loss varies but even a mild degree can have major consequences on speech perception, language acquisition, development and academic achievement[51] if not detected in time and corrected.[48]
Early intervention to treat the hearing loss and adapted education is useful to facilitate the development of children with Down syndrome, especially during the preschool period. For adults, social independence depends largely on the ability to complete tasks without assistance, the willingness to separate emotionally from parents and access to personal recreational activities.[47] Given this background it is always important to rule out hearing loss as a contributing factor in social and mental deterioration.[49]
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