Yes

Idk man, I haven't played this game in a few years. Not hard to find out just google it.

i'm not sure about all of the different materia, but some of the ones i can remember off the top of my head are:
Pre-Emptive
Counter
Counter Attack
Magic Counter
that's all i remember. and a little side note
the difference between counter and counter attack is that counter, when paired with a command materia, will counter with the paired materia. counter attack just counters with a regular attack