The interval of time doesn't matter. If a failure, of lets say a diode, was going to happen, it would happen the moment you unhooked the terminal.
Will it destroy your electrical components guaranteed? No.
Is there a risk of potentially hurting some part of the electrical/charge system? Yes.
With a multimeter there is no risk, the information is both quantifiable and direct.
If you don't have a multimeter there are simple dome light brilliance tests that are safe as well.
Pulling a terminal...Either one....is bad on a running car.
Google: 'Alternator test battery disconnect'
The first four results all say a resounding "no"
Including Click and Clack from NPR. (R.I.P Tom...

)
it's not just me.
This post was edited by OldAndyAndTheSea on Nov 26 2014 02:43pm