I took 2 semesters of Java and I'm looking to start getting into mobile app development in my spare time. From what I understand the 2 languages to learn are Java and C++. Where exactly do I go from here?

Also, how exactly do I go from coding, to inserting and running apps on phones? Any recommended books/textbooks and tips would be a big help. Thanks!

Depends on what system you want to work on. iOS and Android have very different approaches to mobile computing i.e. iOS is in objective-C and Android is in Java

I would recommend developing in android since you are already familiar with java, and you can find a tutorial here: http://developer.android.com/training/basics/firstapp/index.html

Books that my class suggested us to buy:


The Busy Coder's Guide to Android Development, by Mark Murphy, http://commonsware.com/Android/, previous versions available at this site for free.

OR


Android Programming: The Big Nerd Ranch Guide (Big Nerd Ranch Guides)
ISBN: 978-0321804334 / 1st ed.
Publisher: Big Nerd Ranch Guides