For native iOS apps, you need to learn Objective-C

For cross-platform apps (iOS / Android / Windows), you need to learn HTML5, and Javascript

For web development, you should learn HTML(5), Javascript, and PHP

1. obj-c
2. html/css/javascripts are one, 100% of the time, and then you might want a server-side language such as ruby (+ rails), python (+django), scala (+liftweb), erlang (+chicagoboss) etc. But to make simple website you only need html+css

How long do you think (let's say I spend 1 hour every day learning) will it take to either fully learn the fundamentals of Objective-C, and the same question for HTML (enough to build a simple website)?

I just finished the CodeAcademy HTML. I understand basic coding and what it all means but can't really code for myself. Took me probably 8-12 hours to finish all of HTML. I'm far from advanced but it was a really good way to learn the basics. To make a basic website? I'd say it'll take you 15-20 hours for it to actually be somewhat appealing but that's not bad when it comes to learning a whole new language

implying that html actually teaches you anything programming wise is laughable.

doesnt teach you any logic or flow control
doesnt really have any proper syntax

only real thing it has in comon with programming is you write shit down and you can see your result.

No you don't because HTML isn't a programming language it's a markup language.

What is the difference? (Not being a dick, I'm genuinely curious since I want to understand all of this as best as I can!)

https://itunes.apple.com/ca/course/coding-together-developing/id593208016

Watch all the lectures and do the assignments. Also, if you don't have a Mac computer, you won't be able to write Objective-C.

One compiles, one doesn't. You aren't using syntax, logic, or anything for that matter. Simply telling a web browser what you want to display, you can not invoke logic in your code.