In science, there are structures in the human body called
telomeres. Their function is too complicated to completely describe, but a majority of what they do is control how long your life span is.
Longer telomeres generally signify a longer
age/lifespan for the individual. If the telomeres are too long, they can signify some forms of cancer, but this is rare.
It turns out that when you look at the telomeres of 9-year-old sons and daughters, you can infer a lot about their future life span. Telomere length, even at such a young age, has a huge impact on what their overall lifespan will be.
This one study studied the differences in the telomeres of average children with that of children raised in fatherless homes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5527665/pdf/PEDS_20163245.pdfYoung children from fatherless homes have on average
14% shorter telomeres by the age of 9.
And young men suffered 40% more loss than women by age 9.
Death of the father was the worst case considered, had the most profound impact. Divorce and separation had a similar effect, though.
The study also compared any correlation with income changes due to the absence of a father's income, but income had a much less significant and reliable effect on the final variable.
Shorter telomeres are directly correlated with shorter lifespans, increased incidence of diseases, and poor survival.
Fatherless homes literally suck the life out of children. A bad thing that I think we should worry about and do more to prevent.