This specific fact is how we know things like the integral of 1/(1 + 3(cos t)^2) and all sorts of other trigonometric integrals that are needed in particular applications, it solves differential equations (used very commonly in physics, among other areas), and is used in electric circuit analysis in the frequency domain. And, generally speaking, exponential functions are easier to calculate, so any time we can calculate those in place of trig functions, this can speed up the process, and possibly make some numerical techniques fast enough that otherwise would be too slow to be useful.
Here are most of these applications in examples:
http://math.gmu.edu/~rsachs/m116/eulerformula.pdfComplex analysis often offers a shorter, more viable route to a solution on many problems than simpler theory.