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Member
Posts: 64,656
Joined: Oct 25 2006
Gold: 260.11
Oct 24 2020 10:04pm
Quote (GLYC123 @ Oct 24 2020 11:03pm)
Both of you just dance around questions and have no idea what you're talking about. All you can do is insult. Lol


Yes yes, I definitely just posted a fact about how the data is gathered and you responded with a sound and well reasoned argument instead of deflection. That's what happened and we can all look back to verify.

Oh wait....
Member
Posts: 11,757
Joined: Dec 17 2006
Gold: 0.00
Oct 24 2020 10:05pm
Quote (Thor123422 @ Oct 24 2020 11:04pm)
Yes yes, I definitely just posted a fact about how the data is gathered and you responded with a sound and well reasoned argument instead of deflection. That's what happened and we can all look back to verify.

Oh wait....


You said a blank statement, "they can't properly account for this data".

I disagree on that. All of this gets documented.

This post was edited by GLYC123 on Oct 24 2020 10:06pm
Member
Posts: 61,373
Joined: Mar 14 2006
Gold: 10.77
Oct 24 2020 10:06pm
Quote (GLYC123 @ Oct 24 2020 08:39pm)
I'm not black.

You don't have to be black to realize this is an emotionally driven false narrative that cops are just run around shooting random black people.

Coincidentally, every person that believes this, is also a Democrat voter.

For the record. I and every other person can still speak on the subject. In regards to the subject itself, it seems I have more understanding than a significant portion of these cases, criminal law, what being a police officer entails, research on police shootings than BLM does.

Most BLM members couldn't even tell you how many black unarmed person's were killed in 2019. Sounds like some basic information that they should know, and that's just for starters.



Do black face and drive around a white neighborhood for a while in a cheap car. When the cop pulls you over, make sure to reach for the glove compartment when he taps on your window.

It'll be nice to have a few less users on this forum. Keep the bandwidth clear.

This post was edited by inkanddagger on Oct 24 2020 10:06pm
Member
Posts: 64,656
Joined: Oct 25 2006
Gold: 260.11
Oct 24 2020 10:07pm
Quote (GLYC123 @ Oct 24 2020 11:05pm)
You said a blank statement, "they can't properly account for this".

I disagree on that. All of this gets documented.


Then go find me a source on how the statistics are collected across states and across departments.

Chop chop.

(I'll save you time. It's done locally by individual departments with no uniformity, and cases of "this is a white person" while the guy is charcoal black aren't uncommon)
Member
Posts: 11,757
Joined: Dec 17 2006
Gold: 0.00
Oct 24 2020 10:08pm
Quote (inkanddagger @ Oct 24 2020 11:06pm)
Do black face and drive around a white neighborhood for a while in a cheap car. When the cop pulls you over, make sure to reach for the glove compartment when he taps on your window.

It'll be nice to have a few less users on this forum. Keep the bandwidth clear.


I'm rarely on this forum because of how stupid people like you are.

Once again, you have zero arguments because you also are one of the people on here who has no idea what you're talking about and can only resort to emotional slanders.

You're a child.
Member
Posts: 11,757
Joined: Dec 17 2006
Gold: 0.00
Oct 24 2020 10:10pm
Quote (Thor123422 @ Oct 24 2020 11:07pm)
Then go find me a source on how the statistics are collected across states and across departments.

Chop chop.

(I'll save you time. It's done locally by individual departments with no uniformity, and cases of "this is a white person" while the guy is charcoal black aren't uncommon)


Oh so mortalities just go unaccounted for. That's bullshit. All of this stuff is on a record, and I can guarantee it has to be submitted in one way or another to the Federal Government.

You think they're going to lie and not report a black death to the Feds to make the Federal database look better? That's just stupid.
Member
Posts: 64,656
Joined: Oct 25 2006
Gold: 260.11
Oct 24 2020 10:14pm
Quote (GLYC123 @ Oct 24 2020 11:10pm)
Oh so mortalities just go unaccounted for. That's bullshit. All of this stuff is on a record, and I can guarantee it has to be submitted in one way or another to the Federal Government.
You think they're going to lie and not report a black death to the Feds to make the Federal database look better? That's just stupid.


You seem to have an issue with basic reading comprehension.
Member
Posts: 11,757
Joined: Dec 17 2006
Gold: 0.00
Oct 24 2020 10:19pm
Quote (Thor123422 @ Oct 24 2020 11:14pm)
You seem to have an issue with basic reading comprehension.


This was your argument.

Quote (Thor123422 @ Oct 24 2020 10:42pm)
Nobody can give an accurate estimate of that, because the numbers aren't kept in a uniform way and under-reporting is rampant.


And yes they are. It's a conspiracy theory to believe police departments refuse to report on black people being shot by police officers to the Federal database.

That's tinfoil hat logic. Oh yes, city of Sandstone, has coordinated with the city of Bronson. Both of them refuse to report this to the Feds, despite that they have police reports filed for individual shooting cases.

This post was edited by GLYC123 on Oct 24 2020 10:20pm
Member
Posts: 33,928
Joined: Sep 10 2007
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Oct 24 2020 10:19pm
Quote (GLYC123 @ Oct 24 2020 11:32pm)
Many of us have heard both sides of this argument. You're just wrong. Anybody who has done an ounce of research knows this. You can't accept reality, which is probably why you're also prone to the necessary propaganda required to induce you into being an Biden supporter.


Factually false and absolutely drooling with shit. You've never done a lick of research on this topic in your life and we can prove it with research and data.

https://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Black-Lives-Matter.pdf
Eliminating Racial Inequity in the Criminal Justice System
-Studies seem to indicate about 61-80% of black over-representation in prisons can be explained by higher black crime rates, with the unexplained portion largely attributable to racial bias.
-The factors which lead to disproportionate criminality amongst black Americans are also in large part a product of racial bias. Underfunded public programs, redlining, generational poverty, bad schooling, and myriad other factors which influence criminality can also be traced to racial bias.

https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2015/03/04/ferguson_police_department_report.pdf
Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department
-Between 2012 and 2014, black people in Ferguson accounted for 85 percent of vehicle stops, 90 percent of citations and 93 percent of arrests, despite comprising 67 percent of the population.
-Blacks were more than twice as likely as whites to be searched after traffic stops even after controlling for related variables, though they proved to be 26 percent less likely to be in possession of illegal drugs or weapons.
-Between 2011 and 2013, blacks also received 95 percent of jaywalking tickets and 94 percent of tickets for “failure to comply.” The Justice Department also found that the racial discrepancy for speeding tickets increased dramatically when researchers looked at tickets based on only an officer’s word vs. tickets based on objective evidence, such as a radar.
-Black people facing similar low-level charges as white people were 68 percent less likely to see those charges dismissed in court. More than 90 percent of the arrest warrants stemming from failure to pay/failure to appear were issued for black people.

http://www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/vortex.pdf
The Concentrated Racial Impact of Drug Imprisonment and the Characteristics of Punitive Counties
-While White & Black Americans admit to using and selling illicit drugs at similar rates, Black Americans are VASTLY more likely to go to prison for a drug offense.
-In 2002, Black Americans were incarcerated for drug offenses at TEN TIMES the rate of White Americans.
-Today, Blacks are 3.7x as likely to be arrested for a marijuana offense as Whites, despite similar usage.
-97% of “large-population counties” have racial biases in their drug offense incarceration.

https://www.pnas.org/content/115/37/9181
Militarization fails to enhance police safety or reduce crime but may harm police reputation
-Police militarization does not lead to a decrease in crimes committed or officer injuries, may actually increase both.
-Police militarization (including the adoption of SWAT teams) decreases public trust in police, which may contribute to increases in crime.
-Militarized police are disproportionately deployed in African American communities, even when accounting for crime rates.

https://www.acludc.org/sites/default/files/2020_06_15_aclu_stops_report_final.pdf
Racial Disparities in stops by the D.C. Metropolitan Police Department
-This ACLU report reviews 5 months’ of data from DC police stops & searches by race and outcome.
-The black population of DC is 25% greater than the white population, but black people were 410% more likely to be stopped by the police than white people
-This disparity increases to 1465% for stops which led to n*o warning, ticket or arrest and 3695% for searches which led to no warning, ticket or arrest.
-This data indicates the disproportionate stopping and searching of blacks in the DC area extended massively beyond any disproportionate rate of criminality.

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.05376.pdf
The Problem of Infra-marginality in Outcome Tests for Discrimination
-Analysis of 4.5 million traffic stops in North Carolina shows blacks and latinos were more likely to be searched than whites (5.4 percent, 4.1 percent and 3.1 percent, respectively).
-Despite this, searches of white motorists were the most likely to reveal contraband (32% of whites, 29% of blacks, 19% of latinos).

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-020-0858-1.pdf
A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States
Study of nearly 100,000,000 traffic stops conducted across America.
-Analysis finds the bar for searching black and hispanic drivers’ cars is significantly lower than the bar for white drivers.
-Additionally, black drivers are less likely to be pulled over after sunset, when “a ‘veil of darkness’ masks ones’ race”.

https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/research-publications/2017/20171114_Demographics.pdf
Demographic Differences in Sentencing: An Update to the 2012 Booker Report
-Extensive multivariate regression analysis indicates black male offenders receive 19.1% longer federal sentences than similarly-situated white male offenders (white male offenders with similar past offenses, socioeconomic background, etc.)
-This disparity seems to stem mostly from black males being 21.2% less likely to receive non-government sponsored downward departures or variances.
--Non-government sponsored departures and variances refer to deviations from standard sentencing guidelines due to judicial discretion.
-Black males who do receive non government-sponsored departures and variations still serve 16.8% longer sentences than white males on average.
-In contrast, when sentencing length follows standard guidelines, that disparity is only 7.9%, and a substantial assistance departure for both groups nullifies that disparity.
-IN SUMMARY
--Much of the sentencing disparity between similarly situated black males and white males comes down to judicial discretion to deviate from standard sentencing guidelines.

https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/11/16/black-men-sentenced-to-more-time-for-committing-the-exact-same-crime-as-a-white-person-study-finds/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.2e26662cc5f3&httpsredir=1&article=2413&context=articles
Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences
-Examination of federal data indicates Black Americans spend about 10% more time in prison when compared to comparable Whites who commit the same crimes.
-Additionally, Black arrestees are 75% more likely to be charged with a crime carrying a mandatory minimum sentence.

https://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1330&context=facpubs
Report on Jury Selection Study
-Between 1990 and 2010, state prosecutors struck about 53% of black people eligible for juries in criminal cases, as opposed to 26% of white people. The study’s authors testified the odds of this taking place in a race-neutral context were around 1 in 10 trillion.
-After accounting for factors prosecutors select for which tend to correlate with race, black people were still struck twice as often.
-North Carolina’s state legislator had previously passed a law stating death penalty defendants who could demonstrate racial bias in their jury selection could have their sentences changed to life without parole. The legislature later repealed that law.

https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1315&context=wvlr
Different Shades of Bias: Skin Tone, Implicit Racial Bias, and Judgments of Ambiguous Evidence
-In this study, two groups of mock jurors were given a collection of race-neutral evidence from an armed robbery, with one group’s alleged perpetrator being shown to be light-skinned and the other dark-skinned.
-Jurors were significantly more likely to evaluate ambiguous, race-neutral evidence against the dark-skinned suspect as incriminating and more likely to find the dark-skinned suspect guilty.

https://bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh186/files/media/document/PleaBargainingResearchSummary.pdf
Government aggregate of data on plea and charge bargaining
-Studies that assess the effects of race find that blacks are less likely to receive a reduced charge compared with whites.
-Studies have generally found a relationship between race and whether or not a defendant receives a reduced charge.
-The majority of research on race and sentencing outcomes shows that blacks are less likely than whites to receive reduced pleas.
-In short, collected data strongly indicates a racial bias against blacks with regards to sentencing and plea bargains.

https://www.yalelawjournal.org/article/mandatory-sentencing-and-racial-disparity-assessing-the-role-of-prosecutors-and-the-effects-of-booker
Mandatory Sentencing and Racial Disparity: Assessing the Role of Prosecutors and the Effects of Booker
-Black men are twice as likely to have charges which carry mandatory minimum sentences filed against them than similarly-situated white men.
-This article recommends against the tightening of judicial discretion, arguing that process has historically led to greater racial sentencing disparities.

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.821.8079&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Race, Ethnicity, and Habitual-Offender Sentencing
-Black defendants with multiple prior convictions are 28% more likely to be charged as “habitual offenders” than similarly-situated white defendants.
-“Assessments of dangerousness and culpability are linked to race and ethnicity, even after offense seriousness and prior record are controlled.”

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jels.12077
Skin Color and the Criminal Justice System: Beyond Black‐White Disparities in Sentencing
-A study of first-time felons in Georgia found black men received sentences of on average 270 days longer than similarly-situated white males.
-However, when black males were differentiated by skin tone, it was found light-skinned black men saw virtually no disparity in their sentencing while dark-skinned black men actually saw a disparity of around 400 days in prison.

https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/22746/413174-Examining-Racial-and-Ethnic-Disparities-in-Probation-Revocation.PDF
Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Probation Revocation
-The Urban Institute analyzed the histories of four probation offices and found black people were 18-39% more likely than similarly-situated white people to have their probation revoked.

https://files.deathpenaltyinfo.org/legacy/documents/WashRaceStudy2014.pdf
The Role of Race in Washington State Capital Sentencing 1981-2014
-Analysis of 33 years of data from Washington State to determine which characteristics best predict the decision to implement a death sentence.
-Black defendants are 4.5 times as likely to receive a death sentence as similarly-situated whites.
-Other factors (presence of aggravating circumstances, involvement of sex crimes, hostage-taking, etc.) explain only a small fraction of the disparity in prosecutors’ and juries’ decision to invoke the death penalty against black defendents.

https://www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/Eberhardt.2006.Psych%20Sci.Looking%20Deathworthy.pdf
Perceived Stereotypicality of Black Defendants Predicts Capital-Sentencing Outcomes
-Analysis of the relationship between racial stereotyping and death sentence convictions.
-Black defendants who possessed darker skin and more “stereotypically black” features were twice as likely to be given the death penalty when accused of murdering a white person, as compared to lighter-skinned blacks with less “stereotypically black” features.
-This disparity disappears completely when the murder victim is black.
-Race was by far the most influential statistical factor.

https://ir.ua.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/3276/file_1.pdf
Does Appearance Matter?: The Effect of Skin Tones on Trustworthy and Innocent Appearances
-Photos of capital inmates shown to entry-level criminal justice students for them to evaluate the trustworthiness of the faces.
-Students rated pictures of light-skinned inmates as more trustworthy when they preceded pictures of dark-skinned inmates.
-Most study participants (79.9%) were white, but the study predicted that this wasn’t a major factor - “When controlling for race, no statistically significant result was found. This suggests that each race, White and non-White, were consistent in their rating outcomes. Prior research has found similar results, where Whites and light-skinned Blacks are likely to share similar attitudes towards darker-skinned Blacks”

https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/03/black-boys-older
Black Boys Viewed as Older, Less Innocent Than Whites, Research Finds
-Students and police officers participated in tests to determine levels of racial bias and perception of innocence.
-Black boys as young as 10 are more likely to be considered criminal or untrustworthy, and more likely to face police violence.

https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/psp-pspi0000092.pdf
Racial Bias in Judgments of Physical Size and Formidability
-Results from three separate studies on perception and racial bias show people have a tendency to perceive black men as larger and more threatening than similarly sized white men.
-Participants also believed the black men were more capable of causing harm in a hypothetical altercation and police would be more justified in using force to subdue them, even if the men were unarmed.
Police officers were tested on dehumanization of blacks by comparing people of different races to animal groups. Police who engaged in higher levels of dehumanization were more likely to use violence against black children.

_____________________________________

Fuck outta here
Member
Posts: 33,452
Joined: Oct 9 2008
Gold: 2,617.52
Oct 24 2020 10:20pm
Quote (Mangix @ Oct 25 2020 12:19am)
Factually false and absolutely drooling with shit. You've never done a lick of research on this topic in your life and we can prove it with research and data.

https://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Black-Lives-Matter.pdf
Eliminating Racial Inequity in the Criminal Justice System
-Studies seem to indicate about 61-80% of black over-representation in prisons can be explained by higher black crime rates, with the unexplained portion largely attributable to racial bias.
-The factors which lead to disproportionate criminality amongst black Americans are also in large part a product of racial bias. Underfunded public programs, redlining, generational poverty, bad schooling, and myriad other factors which influence criminality can also be traced to racial bias.

https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2015/03/04/ferguson_police_department_report.pdf
Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department
-Between 2012 and 2014, black people in Ferguson accounted for 85 percent of vehicle stops, 90 percent of citations and 93 percent of arrests, despite comprising 67 percent of the population.
-Blacks were more than twice as likely as whites to be searched after traffic stops even after controlling for related variables, though they proved to be 26 percent less likely to be in possession of illegal drugs or weapons.
-Between 2011 and 2013, blacks also received 95 percent of jaywalking tickets and 94 percent of tickets for “failure to comply.” The Justice Department also found that the racial discrepancy for speeding tickets increased dramatically when researchers looked at tickets based on only an officer’s word vs. tickets based on objective evidence, such as a radar.
-Black people facing similar low-level charges as white people were 68 percent less likely to see those charges dismissed in court. More than 90 percent of the arrest warrants stemming from failure to pay/failure to appear were issued for black people.

http://www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/vortex.pdf
The Concentrated Racial Impact of Drug Imprisonment and the Characteristics of Punitive Counties
-While White & Black Americans admit to using and selling illicit drugs at similar rates, Black Americans are VASTLY more likely to go to prison for a drug offense.
-In 2002, Black Americans were incarcerated for drug offenses at TEN TIMES the rate of White Americans.
-Today, Blacks are 3.7x as likely to be arrested for a marijuana offense as Whites, despite similar usage.
-97% of “large-population counties” have racial biases in their drug offense incarceration.

https://www.pnas.org/content/115/37/9181
Militarization fails to enhance police safety or reduce crime but may harm police reputation
-Police militarization does not lead to a decrease in crimes committed or officer injuries, may actually increase both.
-Police militarization (including the adoption of SWAT teams) decreases public trust in police, which may contribute to increases in crime.
-Militarized police are disproportionately deployed in African American communities, even when accounting for crime rates.

https://www.acludc.org/sites/default/files/2020_06_15_aclu_stops_report_final.pdf
Racial Disparities in stops by the D.C. Metropolitan Police Department
-This ACLU report reviews 5 months’ of data from DC police stops & searches by race and outcome.
-The black population of DC is 25% greater than the white population, but black people were 410% more likely to be stopped by the police than white people
-This disparity increases to 1465% for stops which led to n*o warning, ticket or arrest and 3695% for searches which led to no warning, ticket or arrest.
-This data indicates the disproportionate stopping and searching of blacks in the DC area extended massively beyond any disproportionate rate of criminality.

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.05376.pdf
The Problem of Infra-marginality in Outcome Tests for Discrimination
-Analysis of 4.5 million traffic stops in North Carolina shows blacks and latinos were more likely to be searched than whites (5.4 percent, 4.1 percent and 3.1 percent, respectively).
-Despite this, searches of white motorists were the most likely to reveal contraband (32% of whites, 29% of blacks, 19% of latinos).

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-020-0858-1.pdf
A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States
Study of nearly 100,000,000 traffic stops conducted across America.
-Analysis finds the bar for searching black and hispanic drivers’ cars is significantly lower than the bar for white drivers.
-Additionally, black drivers are less likely to be pulled over after sunset, when “a ‘veil of darkness’ masks ones’ race”.

https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/research-publications/2017/20171114_Demographics.pdf
Demographic Differences in Sentencing: An Update to the 2012 Booker Report
-Extensive multivariate regression analysis indicates black male offenders receive 19.1% longer federal sentences than similarly-situated white male offenders (white male offenders with similar past offenses, socioeconomic background, etc.)
-This disparity seems to stem mostly from black males being 21.2% less likely to receive non-government sponsored downward departures or variances.
--Non-government sponsored departures and variances refer to deviations from standard sentencing guidelines due to judicial discretion.
-Black males who do receive non government-sponsored departures and variations still serve 16.8% longer sentences than white males on average.
-In contrast, when sentencing length follows standard guidelines, that disparity is only 7.9%, and a substantial assistance departure for both groups nullifies that disparity.
-IN SUMMARY
--Much of the sentencing disparity between similarly situated black males and white males comes down to judicial discretion to deviate from standard sentencing guidelines.

https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/11/16/black-men-sentenced-to-more-time-for-committing-the-exact-same-crime-as-a-white-person-study-finds/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.2e26662cc5f3&httpsredir=1&article=2413&context=articles
Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences
-Examination of federal data indicates Black Americans spend about 10% more time in prison when compared to comparable Whites who commit the same crimes.
-Additionally, Black arrestees are 75% more likely to be charged with a crime carrying a mandatory minimum sentence.

https://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1330&context=facpubs
Report on Jury Selection Study
-Between 1990 and 2010, state prosecutors struck about 53% of black people eligible for juries in criminal cases, as opposed to 26% of white people. The study’s authors testified the odds of this taking place in a race-neutral context were around 1 in 10 trillion.
-After accounting for factors prosecutors select for which tend to correlate with race, black people were still struck twice as often.
-North Carolina’s state legislator had previously passed a law stating death penalty defendants who could demonstrate racial bias in their jury selection could have their sentences changed to life without parole. The legislature later repealed that law.

https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1315&context=wvlr
Different Shades of Bias: Skin Tone, Implicit Racial Bias, and Judgments of Ambiguous Evidence
-In this study, two groups of mock jurors were given a collection of race-neutral evidence from an armed robbery, with one group’s alleged perpetrator being shown to be light-skinned and the other dark-skinned.
-Jurors were significantly more likely to evaluate ambiguous, race-neutral evidence against the dark-skinned suspect as incriminating and more likely to find the dark-skinned suspect guilty.

https://bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh186/files/media/document/PleaBargainingResearchSummary.pdf
Government aggregate of data on plea and charge bargaining
-Studies that assess the effects of race find that blacks are less likely to receive a reduced charge compared with whites.
-Studies have generally found a relationship between race and whether or not a defendant receives a reduced charge.
-The majority of research on race and sentencing outcomes shows that blacks are less likely than whites to receive reduced pleas.
-In short, collected data strongly indicates a racial bias against blacks with regards to sentencing and plea bargains.

https://www.yalelawjournal.org/article/mandatory-sentencing-and-racial-disparity-assessing-the-role-of-prosecutors-and-the-effects-of-booker
Mandatory Sentencing and Racial Disparity: Assessing the Role of Prosecutors and the Effects of Booker
-Black men are twice as likely to have charges which carry mandatory minimum sentences filed against them than similarly-situated white men.
-This article recommends against the tightening of judicial discretion, arguing that process has historically led to greater racial sentencing disparities.

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.821.8079&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Race, Ethnicity, and Habitual-Offender Sentencing
-Black defendants with multiple prior convictions are 28% more likely to be charged as “habitual offenders” than similarly-situated white defendants.
-“Assessments of dangerousness and culpability are linked to race and ethnicity, even after offense seriousness and prior record are controlled.”

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jels.12077
Skin Color and the Criminal Justice System: Beyond Black‐White Disparities in Sentencing
-A study of first-time felons in Georgia found black men received sentences of on average 270 days longer than similarly-situated white males.
-However, when black males were differentiated by skin tone, it was found light-skinned black men saw virtually no disparity in their sentencing while dark-skinned black men actually saw a disparity of around 400 days in prison.

https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/22746/413174-Examining-Racial-and-Ethnic-Disparities-in-Probation-Revocation.PDF
Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Probation Revocation
-The Urban Institute analyzed the histories of four probation offices and found black people were 18-39% more likely than similarly-situated white people to have their probation revoked.

https://files.deathpenaltyinfo.org/legacy/documents/WashRaceStudy2014.pdf
The Role of Race in Washington State Capital Sentencing 1981-2014
-Analysis of 33 years of data from Washington State to determine which characteristics best predict the decision to implement a death sentence.
-Black defendants are 4.5 times as likely to receive a death sentence as similarly-situated whites.
-Other factors (presence of aggravating circumstances, involvement of sex crimes, hostage-taking, etc.) explain only a small fraction of the disparity in prosecutors’ and juries’ decision to invoke the death penalty against black defendents.

https://www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/Eberhardt.2006.Psych%20Sci.Looking%20Deathworthy.pdf
Perceived Stereotypicality of Black Defendants Predicts Capital-Sentencing Outcomes
-Analysis of the relationship between racial stereotyping and death sentence convictions.
-Black defendants who possessed darker skin and more “stereotypically black” features were twice as likely to be given the death penalty when accused of murdering a white person, as compared to lighter-skinned blacks with less “stereotypically black” features.
-This disparity disappears completely when the murder victim is black.
-Race was by far the most influential statistical factor.

https://ir.ua.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/3276/file_1.pdf
Does Appearance Matter?: The Effect of Skin Tones on Trustworthy and Innocent Appearances
-Photos of capital inmates shown to entry-level criminal justice students for them to evaluate the trustworthiness of the faces.
-Students rated pictures of light-skinned inmates as more trustworthy when they preceded pictures of dark-skinned inmates.
-Most study participants (79.9%) were white, but the study predicted that this wasn’t a major factor - “When controlling for race, no statistically significant result was found. This suggests that each race, White and non-White, were consistent in their rating outcomes. Prior research has found similar results, where Whites and light-skinned Blacks are likely to share similar attitudes towards darker-skinned Blacks”

https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/03/black-boys-older
Black Boys Viewed as Older, Less Innocent Than Whites, Research Finds
-Students and police officers participated in tests to determine levels of racial bias and perception of innocence.
-Black boys as young as 10 are more likely to be considered criminal or untrustworthy, and more likely to face police violence.

https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/psp-pspi0000092.pdf
Racial Bias in Judgments of Physical Size and Formidability
-Results from three separate studies on perception and racial bias show people have a tendency to perceive black men as larger and more threatening than similarly sized white men.
-Participants also believed the black men were more capable of causing harm in a hypothetical altercation and police would be more justified in using force to subdue them, even if the men were unarmed.
Police officers were tested on dehumanization of blacks by comparing people of different races to animal groups. Police who engaged in higher levels of dehumanization were more likely to use violence against black children.

_____________________________________

Fuck outta here


Disproportionality isn't proof of racism.

You're all hot air posting copypasta from reddit.

This post was edited by EndlessSky on Oct 24 2020 10:21pm
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