Quote (Snyft2 @ Dec 2 2017 12:58am)
gender gap doesnt even exist
tl;dr version:
Goldin, C. (2006). “The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women's Employment, Education, and Family."
Goldin further considers the history of women’s work participation in the economy since 1800s, stating that a quiet revolution occurred in 1970. She states that at first, women almost always exited the workforce at marriage. As time continued until the 1970s, women’s workforce participation increased, including married women, and women’s education also increased. Despite the increase, there still remains a significant gender gap in labour participation rates.
In 1970, three key indicators for a revolution are noticed. Women started to attend and graduate from college at higher rates than men, with gender parity in law school entrants in 2000. There was also an increased rate of women keeping their last name after marriage, with the median age of first marriage for female college graduates increasing to 25. During the 1950s and 1960s, the labor demand increased greatly for women, with the following generation choosing for higher education in positions that offer career advancement. Increased with the accessibility of the contraceptives from the 1960s, as well as increasing divorce rates and marriage delay, career planning became a core choice of their decision making.
Goldin et al. (2006). “The Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the College Gender Gap.
Goldin et al. goes over the reversal of the college gender gap between 1930 to 2003. Since 1930 the gender gap in higher education enrollment was generally converging until 1980 where it reached parity and then diverged favoring women. However, in 1944 the G.I. Bill was enacted offering a lower cost to males to enroll into higher education, temporarily widening the gap. In 1957, Regardless of aptitude, high school rank and family background, girls had considerably lower college graduation rates than those of comparable boys. In 1992, The advantage from composite reading and math test scores also reversed and girls had considerably higher college graduation rates than before.
This change was especially significant in the family socio-economic status. The conventional wisdom on those poorer in the socio-economic status distribution would “tend to favor sons over daughters when they could afford to educate only some.” By 1992 the NELS showed a reversal, where those poorer in the socio-economic status distribution would tend to favor daughters over sons for college education.
Goldin, C., and Rouse, C. (1997). “Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of Blind Auditions on Female Musicians."
Goldin and Rouse uses an opportunity of blind auditions to view sexual bias in a symphony orchestra. They conduct a case study using confidential data from audition records of eight major symphony orchestras between 1950 and 1995, estimating the impact of screening process to increase the probability a woman will have in advancing certain preliminary rounds. They find that the screen increases the chances for females to advance by 50%, showing bias. Furthermore, audition policies revising during the 1970s increased the representation of female musicians in the top five symphony orchestra in the United States. These results could be implications of further sexual bias in the labor market.
Further literature on econometric valuations of gender inequality.
Goldin, C., and Katz, L. F. (2002). “The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Womens Career and Marriage Decisions." Journal of Political Economy, 110(4).
Goldin, C. (2006). “The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women's Employment, Education, and Family." The American Economic Review, 96(2), 1-21.
Mulligan, C. B., and Rubinstein, Y. (2008). “Selection, Investment, and Women's Relative Wages Over Time." The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1061-1110.
Goldin, C., Katz, L. F., and Kuziemko, I. (2006). “The Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the College Gender Gap." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(4), 133-156.
Goldin, C. (2002). “A Pollution Theory of Discrimination: Male and Female Differences in Occupations and Earnings." National Bureau of Economic Research, No. w8985.
Olivetti, C. and Albanesi, S., (2009). “Home Production, Market Production and the Gender Wage Gap: Incentives and Expectations." Review of Economic Dynamics, 12(1), 80-107.
Olivetti, C., and Petrongolo, B. (2006). “Unequal Pay or Unequal Employment? A Cross-Country Analysis of Gender Gaps." CEPR DP 5506, February 2006.
Dembe, A. E., et al. (2005) “The Impact of Overtime and Long Work Hours on Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: New Evidence from the United States." Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62.9: 588-597.
Autor, D., Dorn, D., and Hanson, G. (2017). “When Work Disappears: Manufacturing Decline and the Falling Marriage-Market Value of Men" National Bureau of Economic Research, No. w23173
Coate, S., and Loury, G. C. (1993). “Will Affirmative-Action Policies Eliminate Negative Stereotypes?" The American Economic Review, 1220-1240.
Heckman, J. J. (1998). “Detecting Discrimination." The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(2), 101-116.
Ayres, I., and Siegelman, P. (1995). “Race and Gender Discrimination in Bargaining for a New Car." The American Economic Review, 304-321.
Goldberg, P. K. (1996). “Dealer Price Discrimination in New Car Purchases: Evidence From the Consumer Expenditure Survey." Journal of Political Economy, 622-654.
Harless, D. W., and Hoffer, G. E. (2002). “Do Women Pay More for New Vehicles? Evidence From Transaction Price Data." The American Economic Review, 92(1), 270-279.
Munnell, A. H., Tootell, G. M., Browne, L. E., and McEneaney, J. (1996). “Mortgage Lending in Boston: Interpreting HMDA Data." The American Economic Review, 25-53.
Persico, N. G. (2006). “Rational Choice Foundations of Equal Protection in Selective Enforcement: Theory and Evidence." U of Penn, Inst for Law and Econ Research, Paper 06-20.